{"id":18853,"date":"2025-12-12T02:41:44","date_gmt":"2025-12-12T02:41:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zmdetech.com\/?p=18853"},"modified":"2025-12-12T02:42:14","modified_gmt":"2025-12-12T02:42:14","slug":"soldadura-de-aceros-estructurales-chinos-comunes-q235-gb-t-700-vs-q345-gb-t-1591-guia-practica-completa-con-equivalentes-internacionales-astm-en-jis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zmdetech.com\/es\/conocimiento\/soldadura-de-aceros-estructurales-chinos-comunes-q235-gb-t-700-vs-q345-gb-t-1591-guia-practica-completa-con-equivalentes-internacionales-astm-en-jis\/","title":{"rendered":"Soldadura de Aceros Estructurales Chinos Comunes: Q235 (GB\/T 700) vs Q345 (GB\/T 1591) - Gu\u00eda pr\u00e1ctica completa con equivalentes internacionales (ASTM, EN, JIS)"},"content":{"rendered":"<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Introducci\u00f3n<\/h4>\r\n \r\n\r\nEl Q235 y el Q345 son los dos aceros estructurales m\u00e1s utilizados en China y en toda Asia. Juntos representan m\u00e1s del 70 % de todo el acero consumido en construcci\u00f3n, puentes, recipientes a presi\u00f3n, maquinaria y fabricaci\u00f3n en general.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nEste art\u00edculo proporciona una referencia \u00fanica y lista para usar que compara:\r\n\r\n \r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\r\n \t<li>Q235A\/B\/C\/D (GB\/T 700-2006)<\/li>\r\n \r\n \t<li>Q345A\/B\/C\/D\/E (GB\/T 1591-2018) y sus equivalentes internacionales directos:<\/li>\r\n \r\n \t<li>ASTM A36 \/ A572 Gr.50<\/li>\r\n \r\n \t<li>ES S235JR \/ S355JR \/ S355J2<\/li>\r\n \r\n \t<li>JIS SS400 \/ SM490A<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n \r\n\r\nTodas las recomendaciones de soldadura se basan en las normas nacionales chinas, AWS D1.1, EN 1011-2 y en la pr\u00e1ctica real de fabricaci\u00f3n asi\u00e1tica.\r\n\r\n \r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-18854 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.zmdetech.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Q235-Q345-Structure-Steel-1.avif\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"750\" \/><\/figure>\r\n \r\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Composici\u00f3n qu\u00edmica y carbono equivalente (CEV \/ PCM)<\/h4>\r\n \r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\">\r\n<table class=\"has-fixed-layout\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Acero<\/th>\r\n<th>C m\u00e1x<\/th>\r\n<th>Si max<\/th>\r\n<th>Mn m\u00e1x<\/th>\r\n<th>P m\u00e1x<\/th>\r\n<th>S m\u00e1x<\/th>\r\n<th>CEV tipo (IIW)<\/th>\r\n<th>PCM t\u00edpico<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Q235A<\/td>\r\n<td>0.22<\/td>\r\n<td>0.35<\/td>\r\n<td>1.40<\/td>\r\n<td>0.045<\/td>\r\n<td>0.050<\/td>\r\n<td>\u22640.38<\/td>\r\n<td>\u22640.22<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Q235B\/C\/D 0,20<\/td>\r\n<td>0.35<\/td>\r\n<td>1.40<\/td>\r\n<td>0.035-0.040<\/td>\r\n<td>0.030-0.040<\/td>\r\n<td>\u22640.37<\/td>\r\n<td>\u22640.20<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Q345A\/B 0,20<\/td>\r\n<td>0.50<\/td>\r\n<td>1.70<\/td>\r\n<td>0.035<\/td>\r\n<td>0.035<\/td>\r\n<td>\u22640.44<\/td>\r\n<td>\u22640.24<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Q345C\/D\/E 0,18<\/td>\r\n<td>0.50<\/td>\r\n<td>1.70<\/td>\r\n<td>0.030<\/td>\r\n<td>0.030<\/td>\r\n<td>\u22640.42<\/td>\r\n<td>\u22640.22<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n \r\n\r\n\u2192 El Q235 tiene una excelente soldabilidad similar a la del ASTM A36 \/ S235JR (no requiere precalentamiento en la mayor\u00eda de los casos).\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u2192 El Q345 es comparable al S355JR \/ A572 Gr.50 (se recomienda precalentar a partir de ciertos espesores).\r\n\r\n \r\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Equivalencias internacionales de grado (para la redacci\u00f3n de especificaciones)<\/h4>\r\n \r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\">\r\n<table class=\"has-fixed-layout\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>China (GB)<\/th>\r\n<th>EE.UU. (ASTM)<\/th>\r\n<th>Europa (EN)<\/th>\r\n<th>Jap\u00f3n (JIS)<\/th>\r\n<th>Corea (KS)<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Q235A<\/td>\r\n<td>A36, A283 Gr.C<\/td>\r\n<td>S235JR<\/td>\r\n<td>SS400<\/td>\r\n<td>SS400<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Q235B<\/td>\r\n<td>A36<\/td>\r\n<td>S235J0 \/ S235J2<\/td>\r\n<td>SS400<\/td>\r\n<td>SS400<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Q345B<\/td>\r\n<td>A572 Gr.50<\/td>\r\n<td>S355JR<\/td>\r\n<td>SM490A<\/td>\r\n<td>SM490A<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Q345D<\/td>\r\n<td>A572 Gr.50<\/td>\r\n<td>S355J2<\/td>\r\n<td>SM490YA<\/td>\r\n<td>SM490YA<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n \r\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Procesos de soldadura y metales de aportaci\u00f3n recomendados<\/h4>\r\n \r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\">\r\n<table class=\"has-fixed-layout\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Acero<\/th>\r\n<th>Procesos preferidos (por orden de popularidad en China)<\/th>\r\n<th>Clasificaci\u00f3n de rellenos AWS \/ EN<\/th>\r\n<th>Electrodos comunes chinos<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Q235<\/td>\r\n<td>SMAW \u2192 GMAW\/MIG \u2192 FCAW \u2192 SIERRA.<\/td>\r\n<td>E7018, ER70S-6, E71T-1<\/td>\r\n<td>J422 (E4303), J426 (E4316), CHE427 (E5015)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Q345<\/td>\r\n<td>SMAW \u2192 GMAW\/MIG \u2192 FCAW \u2192 SIERRA.<\/td>\r\n<td>E8018-C3, ER80S-G, E81T1-Ni1<\/td>\r\n<td>CHE507 (E5015), CHE557 (E5515), CHE607<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n \r\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. Requisitos de temperatura de precalentamiento y de paso intermedio (EN 1011-2 y pr\u00e1ctica china)<\/h4>\r\n \r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\">\r\n<table class=\"has-fixed-layout\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Espesor combinado (mm)<\/th>\r\n<th>Q235 (todos los grados)<\/th>\r\n<th>Q345A\/B<\/th>\r\n<th>Q345C\/D\/E (CEV \u22640,42)<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\u226420<\/td>\r\n<td>Ninguno<\/td>\r\n<td>Ninguno<\/td>\r\n<td>Ninguno<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>20-40<\/td>\r\n<td>Ninguno<\/td>\r\n<td>50-100\u00b0C<\/td>\r\n<td>80-120\u00b0C<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>40-70<\/td>\r\n<td>50\u00b0C (opcional)<\/td>\r\n<td>100-150\u00b0C<\/td>\r\n<td>100-150\u00b0C<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>&gt;70<\/td>\r\n<td>75-100\u00b0C<\/td>\r\n<td>120-175\u00b0C<\/td>\r\n<td>120-175\u00b0C<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n \r\n\r\nTemperatura m\u00e1xima entre pasadas: 250 \u00b0C para ambos aceros (para evitar la p\u00e9rdida de tenacidad).\r\n\r\n \r\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. Tratamiento t\u00e9rmico posterior a la soldadura (PWHT)<\/h4>\r\n \r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\">\r\n<table class=\"has-fixed-layout\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Condici\u00f3n<\/th>\r\n<th>Q235<\/th>\r\n<th>Q345<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Fabricaci\u00f3n normal (t \u2264 50 mm)<\/td>\r\n<td>No es necesario<\/td>\r\n<td>Normalmente no es necesario<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Secciones pesadas o sujeci\u00f3n<\/td>\r\n<td>Alivio de tensi\u00f3n 550-620 \u00b0C opcional<\/td>\r\n<td>550-620 \u00b0C \u00d7 1 h\/pulgada recomendada<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Recipientes a presi\u00f3n (GB 150 \/ ASME)<\/td>\r\n<td>Siga el c\u00f3digo<\/td>\r\n<td>580-620 \u00b0C obligatorio en muchos casos<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n \r\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7. Par\u00e1metros t\u00edpicos de soldadura (hilo macizo GMAW ER70S-6 \/ ER80S-G)<\/h4>\r\n \r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\">\r\n<table class=\"has-fixed-layout\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Acero<\/th>\r\n<th>\u00d8 cable (mm)<\/th>\r\n<th>Corriente (A)<\/th>\r\n<th>Tensi\u00f3n (V)<\/th>\r\n<th>Entrada de calor (kJ\/mm)<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Q235<\/td>\r\n<td>1.2<\/td>\r\n<td>220-300<\/td>\r\n<td>26-32<\/td>\r\n<td>0.8-1.6<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Q345<\/td>\r\n<td>1.2<\/td>\r\n<td>240-320<\/td>\r\n<td>27-34<\/td>\r\n<td>1.0-2.0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-18855 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.zmdetech.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/q235-q345-ss490-high-quality-universal-steel-1.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"720\" \/><\/figure>\r\n \r\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">8. Defectos comunes y prevenci\u00f3n<\/h4>\r\n \r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\">\r\n<table class=\"has-fixed-layout\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Defecto<\/th>\r\n<th>Causa principal con Q235\/Q345<\/th>\r\n<th>Prevenci\u00f3n<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Fisuraci\u00f3n en fr\u00edo<\/td>\r\n<td>Hidr\u00f3geno + contenci\u00f3n (Q345)<\/td>\r\n<td>Consumibles de bajo hidr\u00f3geno, precalentamiento<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Falta de fusi\u00f3n<\/td>\r\n<td>Bajo aporte de calor, placas gruesas<\/td>\r\n<td>M\u00ednimo 1,0 kJ\/mm, tejido adecuado<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Distorsi\u00f3n excesiva<\/td>\r\n<td>Alta entrada de calor en Q235 delgado<\/td>\r\n<td>Saltar soldadura, secuencia de retroceso<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Desgarro lamelar<\/td>\r\n<td>Carga a trav\u00e9s del espesor en placa pesada<\/td>\r\n<td>Utilice acero de calidad Z (Q345D-Z35) si es necesario<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n \r\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">9. \u00bfQu\u00e9 acero elegir?<\/h4>\r\n \r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\">\r\n<table class=\"has-fixed-layout\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Requisito<\/th>\r\n<th>Elija<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Fabricaci\u00f3n general, costes cr\u00edticos<\/td>\r\n<td>Q235B (equivalente a A36\/SS400)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Mayor resistencia, grosor moderado<\/td>\r\n<td>Q345B (equivalente a S355JR)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Servicio a baja temperatura (\u2264 -20 \u00b0C)<\/td>\r\n<td>Q235D o Q345D\/E<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Estructuras marinas o s\u00edsmicas<\/td>\r\n<td>Q345D-Z25\/Z35 o Q355J2<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Gu\u00eda de soldadura Q235 vs Q345: precalentamiento, metales de aportaci\u00f3n, aporte de calor, PWHT y equivalentes internacionales (ASTM A36, A572 Gr.50, EN S235JR, S355JR, JIS SS400). Tablas completas para SMAW, GMAW, FCAW.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":18856,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[181],"tags":[270,268,267,276,271,283,288,272,284,281,282,278,274,269,258,218,226,257,275,277,286,279,280,287,289,273,290,285,191],"class_list":["post-18853","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-knowledge","tag-astm","tag-carbon-steel","tag-che507","tag-che577","tag-e7018","tag-e8018","tag-fcaw","tag-gmaw","tag-hight-heat","tag-j422","tag-j426","tag-jis","tag-low-heat","tag-low-hydrogen","tag-mig","tag-peb","tag-pre-engineered-building","tag-pre-fabricated-building","tag-q235","tag-q345","tag-s235","tag-s355","tag-saw","tag-sm490a","tag-smaw","tag-ss400","tag-steel-plate","tag-structure-steel","tag-welding"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.1 (Yoast SEO v27.5) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Welding of Common Chinese Structural Steels: Q235 (GB\/T 700) vs Q345 (GB\/T 1591) \u2013 Complete Practical Guide with International Equivalents (ASTM, EN, JIS) - ZMDE Steel Machinery<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Q235 vs Q345 welding guide: preheat, filler metals, heat input, PWHT &amp; international equivalents (ASTM A36, A572 Gr.50, EN S235JR, S355JR, JIS SS400). 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